intermediatesubstance use disorderopioid use disorderstages of changemotivational interviewingmedication-assisted treatmentharm reduction
A 35-year-old man presents to the outpatient psychiatric clinic after a referral from his employer's employee assistance program following a positive workplace drug screen for opioids. He admits to using prescription opioids obtained from friends for the past 18 months, initially for back pain but now primarily to feel normal and avoid withdrawal symptoms. He reports using oxycodone 30 to 60 mg daily. He acknowledges that his use has caused problems at work and strained his marriage, but he states he is not sure he is ready to stop using because he is concerned about withdrawal and the return of his back pain. He has never received treatment for substance use. The PMHNP is developing a treatment plan. Which of the following best incorporates the stages of change model into the treatment planning approach?