hardattachment theorydismissing attachmentinternal working modelssecure baseBowlby
A 45-year-old male executive presents for treatment of persistent depressive disorder. In sessions, he speaks in a detached, intellectualized manner about his childhood, describing his emotionally unavailable parents as 'fine' and stating 'I learned early to handle things on my own.' He cancels sessions when he begins to feel emotionally connected to his therapist, minimizes the significance of the therapeutic relationship, and becomes visibly uncomfortable when the therapist expresses empathy. On the Adult Attachment Interview, his narrative would most likely be classified as dismissing. Based on attachment theory, which therapeutic approach is most appropriate?